El jueves comenté que se había publicado la secuencia completa del cromosoma X y me centré en las connotaciones sexistas, dejando para más adelante hablar de la evolución de este cromosoma y de cómo surge el dimorfismo cromosómico.
Hace mucho, mucho tiempo, los cromosomas X e Y eran isomórficos. Esta pareja de cromosomas tenía un gen al que llamaremos SRY, que es el responsable de determinar el sexo del individuo. La determinación sexual no tenía por qué ser siquiera genética (alelos diferentes para cada sexo), podría ser ambiental (proteína termosensible, por ejemplo). El caso es que en una meiosis de estas que ocurren cada gametogénesis, un sobrecruzamiento salió mal y se produjo una inversión que afectó a la zona en la que estaba el bueno de SRY.
¡Ya la hemos liado! Ahora tenemos un cromosoma X "normal" y un cromosoma X con una inversión. Y si algo tiene importancia en citogenética, eso son las inversiones. Cuando en una meiosis dos cromosomas homólogos se aparean, si uno de ellos presenta una región invertida con respecto al otro, en esa región no hay homología secuencial, por lo que no se producen sobrecruzamientos. Los genes que estén dentro de una de estas inversiones quedan imposibilitados de recombinar, así que están ligados para siempre.
Y así ocurrió que el pobre SRY quedó aislado junto con un número de otros genes. Ahora ya se podía producir una determinación cromosómica del sexo. La copia presente en uno de los cromosomas sería la activa, la otra la inactiva. (Esto pudo ocurrir, de hecho, nada más producirse la inversión, si esta interrumpiese la funcionalidad de la región reguladora, pero sólo estoy especulando.) Y ocurre que la copia activa determina el sexo masculino. Así tendríamos un cromosoma proto-Y, responsable de la masculinidad, y un cromosoma X. Ya dije, y reitero, que no hay cromosoma 'masculino', menos aún uno 'femenino'. La masculinidad la determina el Y, pero los genes responsables de la masculinidad están repartidos por todos los cromosomas, incluso el propio X. Y como los varones tienen un cromosoma X activo, al igual que las hembras, no podemos hablar en ningún caso del X como determinante femenino.
Cosas de la herencia cromosómica, si un macho es X/proto-Y y una hembra es X/X, entonces nunca jamás se juntarán dos proto-Y en la línea germinal de un individuo, de modo que jamás recombinarán, mientras que los X siguen encontrándose en las hembras. Matizo. No hay recombinación en la zona invertida, porque el resto del proto-Y es idéntico al X. La gracia está en que al menos 5 reajustes cromosómicos han ocurrido en el Y, de modo que la recombinación en machos cada vez se limita más y más. Y esto termina afectando al tamaño del Y, que se va reduciendo más y más, hasta llegar a la ridiculez que véis ahí arriba.
El caso es que si el Y va perdiendo genes que el X mantiene, entonces los machos tienen la mitad de dosis para estos genes que las hembras. Y si estos genes son normalitos, no relacionados con lo femenino que sea uno, pues es evidente que algo hay que inventarse para que machos y hembras tengan la misma expresión genética del cromosoma X (compensación de dosis).
La solución la podemos observar en forma de corpúsculo de Barr:
Los cromosomas X tienen un locus, XIST, que al transcribirse produce un RNA que se une al DNA del cromosoma X por todas partes, inactivando la expresión de los genes (menos la del propio XIST). La regulación de este gen es algo complicada, así que no entraré en detalles, pero el caso es que por una serie de interacciones genéticas de retroalimentación negativa, si hay dos cromosomas X, uno y sólo uno se inactiva. Si sólo hay uno, permance activo.
¿Qué cromosoma se inactiva? Completamente aleatorio. De ahí vienen los fenotipos mosaico asociados al X. Cuando cada X porta un alelo diferente, eso significa que habrá linajes celulares que expresen un alelo y otros que espresen el otro.
Como curiosidad para terminar, comentar que no sólo está cargado de genes relacionados con el sistema nervioso, sino que además el cromosoma X alberga un buen número de genes implicados en el desarrollo testicular y su fisiología.
El que se haya quedado con ganas de más, a Nature. O mejor, que se pase primero por Pharyngula.
cromosoma X
cromosoma Y
Referencias (TrackBacks)
URL de trackback de esta historia http://evolucionarios.blogalia.com//trackbacks/28254
Comentarios
1
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De: Paleos |
Fecha: 2005-03-19 14:26 |
|
"...pero los genes responsables de la masculinidad están repartidos por todo el cromosoma, incluso el propio X."
No acabo de entender esa frase. Cuando dices "cromosoma", ¿te refieres a "genotipo"?
Un saludo.
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2
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De: BioMaxi |
Fecha: 2005-03-19 14:48 |
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Vaya, una errata. Quería decir "los cromosomas", pero ya iba pensando en mencionar al propio X y me salió el singular. Corrigiendo... y gracias por el aviso :-)
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3
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De: BioMaxi |
Fecha: 2005-03-21 22:59 |
|
Por cierto, uno de los artículos publicados en Nature coincidiendo con la secuenciación del genoma dice que hay genes que se expresan aún estando en el cromosoma inactivado. Curiosamente, estos genes no son siempre los mismos, así que a mí me parece más que el proceso de silenciamiento es algo dinámico, no tan estático como lo imaginaban, así que al hacer los experimentos que han hecho han tomado "fotografías" estáticas que por lo tanto no tienen que coincidir de muestra a muestra puesto que no reflejan algo sistemático sino distintos momentos de un mecanismo dinámico.
Por no mencionar que el estudio está hecho en un sólo tipo de linaje celular, así que igual otras líneas tienen un comportamiento diferente.El artículo:
Carrel L. & Willard H. F. et al. Nature, 434. 400 - 404 (2005)
Y el comentario en Nature news.
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4
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De: Anónimo |
Fecha: 2005-11-06 00:20 |
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son unos maricos
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5
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De: se |
Fecha: 2007-05-06 21:15 |
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se
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6
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De: nazaret |
Fecha: 2007-05-17 04:13 |
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Los cromosomas (término que significa "cuerpos coloreados", por la intensidad con la que fijan determinados colorantes al ser teñidos para poder observarlos al microscopio), son un componente del núcleo celular que sólo aparecen cuando la célula está en división, ya sea mitosis o meiosis; tiene una estructura filiforme, en forma de cadena lineal, más o menos alargada, en el caso de eucariotas, o en forma de anillo circular cerrado, en el caso de procariotas, y están compuestos por ácidos nucleicos y proteínas.
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7
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De: Curiosidades, curiosidades |
Fecha: 2007-06-25 12:22 |
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Haber no entiendo: entonces la recombinación se da entre los X del padre y un X de la madre (elegido aleatoriamente) y luego el Y se lo queda o no se lo queda y en ese caso es hembra o varón???
Muchas gracias
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8
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No te líes y repásate la meiosis ;o)
Hay buenos esquemas si buscas en Google.
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9
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De: stacey |
Fecha: 2007-08-19 00:27 |
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que pereza
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10
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De: stacey |
Fecha: 2007-08-19 00:27 |
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que pereza
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11
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De: stacey |
Fecha: 2007-08-19 00:29 |
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mentira esta sumament interesante pude conseguir mi información *gracias*
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12
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De: HELIOFOBO |
Fecha: 2007-09-13 03:08 |
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QUIERO SU OPINIÓN ACERCA DE LO SIGUIENTE: DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA EVOLUTIVO, EL CONCEPTO "LA NECESIDAD ,HACE EL ORGANO"; PUEDE INTERACTUAR CON EL CONCEPTO INVERSO " EL ORGANO HACE LA NECESIDAD",Y QUE EVIDENCIA CIENTÍFICA AL RESPECTO HAY. GRACIAS.
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13
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De: HELIOFOBO |
Fecha: 2007-09-13 03:08 |
|
QUIERO SU OPINIÓN ACERCA DE LO SIGUIENTE: DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA EVOLUTIVO, EL CONCEPTO "LA NECESIDAD ,HACE EL ORGANO"; PUEDE INTERACTUAR CON EL CONCEPTO INVERSO " EL ORGANO HACE LA NECESIDAD",Y QUE EVIDENCIA CIENTÍFICA AL RESPECTO HAY. GRACIAS.
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14
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De: Anónimo |
Fecha: 2007-10-11 12:40 |
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...................
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15
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De: luis miguel vegas padrino |
Fecha: 2008-01-09 00:12 |
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est super espectacular esta imformacion muchisimas grasias soy de venezuela de guarico alle de la pascua
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16
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De: Silvia |
Fecha: 2008-02-06 19:49 |
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Una duda, en la foto son células lo que se ve o está a mayor aumento. Es porque quería hacerlo con mis alumnos. El año pasado lo hicimos y no se veía nada. Por favor contesta pronto porque me urge
Graciasssss
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17
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De: BioMaxi |
Fecha: 2008-02-06 20:02 |
|
Hola Silvia. Visto tu mail esto debe urgirte realmente mucho. "Eso" son nucleos celulares y la microfotografía está tomada con un microscopio electrónico. No sé si podrás disponer de tanta magnificación para tus prácticas.
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18
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De: km |
Fecha: 2008-03-09 17:02 |
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jnbk
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19
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De: ingrid |
Fecha: 2008-08-21 02:19 |
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no se si me podrian informar si el cromosoma x es la base el origen del gen
y quisiera saber que relacion guarda esto con el origen del gen es femenino y no masculino ...sobre la teoria creacionista...basandonos en etsudios...por que busco y no encuentro por favor si darian el dato de algun foro de genetica le agradeceré bastante soy alumna de ciencias...gracias por la ayuda que me pueda brindar.
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20
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De: investigadora |
Fecha: 2008-08-21 06:49 |
|
Hola Ingrid,
Saludos!
Aqui tienes una pagina que te puede ayudar:
www.sedin.org
Espero que te sirva de ayuda.
Investigadora
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21
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De: Cnidus |
Fecha: 2008-08-21 15:38 |
|
Ingrid
Si quieres aprender algo acerca del origen, evolución y ventajas biológicas del sexo, tienes una buena densidad de información en la Wikipedia: Evolución del sexo.
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22
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De: anny |
Fecha: 2008-09-11 22:37 |
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estudio criminalistica y quisiera saber como es que se puede saber el sexo de una persona mediante el estudio del pelo...
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23
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De: amparo lima perz |
Fecha: 2008-09-20 03:58 |
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quisiera saber aserca de las meiosis
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24
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De: amparo lima perz |
Fecha: 2008-09-20 03:59 |
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quisiera saber aserca de las meiosis
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25
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De: amparo lima perz |
Fecha: 2008-09-20 03:59 |
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quisiera saber aserca de las meiosis
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soy megra y fea
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De: juanita isabel |
Fecha: 2009-10-16 16:36 |
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soy megra y fea
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